![]() In some mammalian tissues and cells, such as neurons, erythrocytes, and renal medulla, glucose is the sole energy source. Glucose is one of the principal energy fuels for mammalian cells and takes a central position in metabolism. As a result, transcription factors regulate gene transcription, protein synthesis, and cellular function. Transcription factors can bind to the promoter or enhancer regions of specific genes through their DNA-binding domains. A change in the functional product of each gene is altered primarily by transcription factors. Regulation of Liver Metabolism by Transcription FactorsĮvolution is tightly linked to phenotypic variations of organisms by gene expression. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the importance of transcriptional factors and coactivators in the regulation of liver glucose and lipid metabolism. In mammals, the liver is the largest metabolic organ responsible for maintaining long-term energy needs in the body, which includes liver glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism that are tightly intertwined, and liver metabolism that is largely regulated by various transcriptional factors and coactivators. Abnormal glucose metabolism impacts the major metabolic pathways, such as carbohydrates and lipids within different tissues and organs. Because of insulin resistance and insufficient secretion of insulin from pancreatic β cells, increased glucose production in the liver along with reduced glucose utilization in insulin-sensitive tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissues, lead to hyperglycemia in these patients. T2DM, accounting for more than 90% of diabetes, is a severe and complex disease. Low-grade inflammation plays a critical pathophysiological role in diabetes and patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing infections as well as sepsis this constitutes 20.1–22.7% of all sepsis patients. The link between diabetes and liver damage, such as fatty liver, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, is well documented. Diabetes is associated with increased risk of chronic liver disease, cardiovascular disease, stroke, infections, chronic kidney disease, cancer, diabetic neuropathy, and blindness. In children and adolescents, the prevalence of both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and T2DM has also increased. In the United States, diabetic prevalence is estimated to be totaled at approximately 70 million by the year 2050 furthermore, currently 422 million adults globally are living with diabetes and this number is expected to increase to 629 million according to the World Health Organization (WHO) ( (accessed on 6 March 2022). Diabetes, T2DM in particular, is a major health burden because of its chronic nature, growing speed, medical cost, and its impact on adults and adolescents. Obesity, which has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, is associated with an increased risk of numerous metabolic abnormalities, such as NAFLD and T2DM.
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